40kg of mass, 400 (approx) N of weight.
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The weight of water is approximately 8.34 pounds per gallon. Since there are roughly 3.785 liters in a gallon, 40 liters of water would be equivalent to about 10.57 gallons. Multiplying 10.57 gallons by 8.34 pounds per gallon gives us a weight of approximately 88.39 pounds for 40 liters of water.
Weight is related to an objects mass and acceleration due to gravity not its volume.
If the mass of the barrel is 40 kilograms and the barrel is presently on earth, then it weighs 392 newtons (88.2 pounds). What you do with it, what dizzying gyrations you subject it to, or what other objects happen to be nearby, have no effect on its weight.
While just holding the weight on his shoulder, the weight lifter does no work! For work to be done, the mass must be moved through a distance … No Movement, No Work! (but don't tell that to a weight lifter …)
That varies, depending on the material the table is made of, its exact form, etc. Just knowing the mass alone is not enough information to answer the question. But usually, tables are built to support several times their own weight.