A square and rectangle can fit in a circle with all corners touching the circle.
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A line through a circle that does not go through the center of the circle is a secant line. A line through a circle that does go through the center is still a secant line, by the way. Compare this to a line segment that has its two endpoints on the circumference of the circle. That line segment is a cord of the circle. If that cord of the circle passes through the center of the circle, then the cord is a diameter of that circle.
Bi conditional for a parallelogram are the lines must go on forever in both directions and never cross each other.
Every chord is a line on the inside between two points on the circle. A diameter does that, so it's a chord. But in order to be a diameter, a chord also has to meet another requirement ... it has to go through the center of the circle. A lot of chords don't do that, so they can't be diameters.
a tangent to the circle
For a square or rectangle, it's length x width. For a triangle, its 1/2 base x height. A circle is more complex, so go look it up.