4 bits range of number. At most, this covers the range from 0 (zero) to 15 (fifteen) when encoded as binary numbers. However, some number systems exist that encode using a less compact scheme. BCD, short for binary coded decimal, doesn't use the A...F range of the hexadecimal system. For BCD numbers, a nibble only holds values 0 (zero) to 9 (nine).
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No. For example, linear algebra, for example, is about linear equations where the domain and range are matrices, not simple numbers. These matrices may themselves contain numbers that are real or complex so that not only is the range not the real numbers, but it is not based on real numbers either.
The absolute value of a number is positive, so the range is always a positive real number. You are correct. The domain, that is the value before you take the absolute value, is all real numbers, but the range is always positive.
Yes. For example, if you want ranges centred on integers, you may use 0.5 to 1.5, 1.5 to 2.5 etc to define ranges.
Yes. They must have a range and median. They may or may not have a mode.
If numbers may be repeated . . . 36 If numbers may not be repeated . . . 30 If the sequence doesn't matter . . . 15