1, 5, 9, 13....
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45 sequences. Make it easier and think what are the 2 tail flips. They are: 1-2; 1-3;1-4...1-10. That is 9 sequences starting with 1. There are 9 sequences starting with 2, 9 starting with 3, etc, up to 10. That makes 90 sequences, but since 1-2 is the same as 2-1, ie order doesn't matter, divide that in half to get 45.
There are infinitely many arithmetic sequences, and infinitely many geometric sequences, and polynomials, and power equations. Basically, there are too many possible sequences. Arithmetic ones, for example: 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 9, 11, 13, 15, 17 5, 8, 11, 14, 17 1, 5, 9, 13, 17 -3, 2, 7, 12, 17 I hope you get the idea. These are all increasing, and the common differences are integers but both these conditions can be changed.
sum(1/(n^2+1))
0.5n(n+1)
It is not possible to give an accurate answer to this question because not all number are used and those that are, are not issued randomly. For example, some sequences are reserved for the start of mobile or cell phone numbers, other sequences for toll free or premium rate numbers. But, if you assume that all numbers are equally likely to be used, then the answer is (1/10)*(1/10) = 1/100