This is geometry that is based on ordinary space-- space as we normally consider it. This is the ordinary space of 3 dimensions as you can imagine them in the coordinate system. Planes are flat, and parallel lines on any plane never ever meet, parallel planes never meet... you get the point. There are geometries that involve other kinds of space and they are called "non-Euclidean" geometries.
Some of these non-Euclidian geometries are very real and not just theoretical in nature. For example, in the relativistic world, the space in and around very strong gravitational forces is distorted. This has been observed and verified in several ways. Euclidean proofs and the methods of analytical geometry do not work without accounting for these spacial distortions.
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One main characteristic of non-Euclidean geometry is hyperbolic geometry. The other is elliptic geometry. Non-Euclidean geometry is still closely related to Euclidean geometry.
The geometry of similarity in the Euclidean plane or Euclidean space.
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There are two non-Euclidean geometries: hyperbolic geometry and ellptic geometry.
Euclid developed Euclidean geometry around 300 BC. I cannot get much briefer than that.