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It is simply called the distance between the two points - simple as that. How that distance is measured will depend on the nature of the surface on which the two points are located as well as on the metric for measuring distance that is defined on that space.The common metric in Euclidean space is the Pythagorean distance while on the surface of a sphere (like the Earth, for example), distances are measured along the great arc.
Two points determine a line and lines have no limit to what their length can be. North South East or West, it matters not, a line will extends forever. Therefore, it cannot be measured.
The vertical space between lines of text is called "line spacing" or "leading." It refers to the distance from the baseline of one line of text to the baseline of the line above it. Proper line spacing enhances readability and overall aesthetics in typography.
A set of points on a straight line are called 'collinear points'.