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§ Halogens are a group of non metallic elements that are placed in Group 7 of the Periodic Table. There are 5 elements that are considered to be a part of this group, and that are widely known as halogens. § Halogens are used in our daily life as they are very useful and decrease the chances of being sick or getting disease.
Whether you frame your alternative hypothesis, Ha, as one-sided (directional) or two-sided (non-directional) is really up to you, but should be decided before you look at the data. It will affect the calculation of your p-value and ultimately your conclusions from the test. In most cases there will be a sound, obvious reason for choosing one or the other.For example, if you were testing the effectiveness of a new anti-cholesterol drug you'd probably only be interested in testing whether the average of the experimental group was lower than the control group. So Ha is directional, or one sided. If on the other hand you were testing, for example, whether a Group A performed better on a test than Group B, your Ha would be that the average of Group A does not equal Group B. That is, you're not sure, before you run the test, whether Group A should perform better or worse than Group B. So your test is non-directional, or two-sided.
There are 5 groups of order 8 up to isomorphism. 3 abelian ones (C8, C4xC2, C2xC2xC2) and 2 non-abelian ones (dihedral group D8 and quaternion group Q)
You define groups by selecting non-overlapping subsets of the domain which, together, cover the whole domain. For each group you combine responses for all units whose domain element (explanatory or independent variable) falls within the group.
census is conducted for group data so if it is a sampling data is taken it would lead to lot of non sampling errors