The term originated from the Latin word primus, meaning first in importance. Prime are the important main ingredient of numbers, for every number greater than one is either a prime or a product of primes.
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Numbers that are not prime numbers are called composite numbers.
They're not. Prime numbers and square numbers are different things.
That's called the prime factorization.
One method for finding prime numbers is called the "Sieve of Eratosthenes" because it basically "sifts" through the numbers looking for numbers that are not not prime.
A number that is not a prime number is called a composite number because it can be made by multiplying prime numbers together. For example, 6 is a composite number that is the product of multiplying the prime numbers 2 and 3 together.