Yes, it is called arcsin.
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The inverse sine is the cosecant, otherwise known as "hypotenuse over opposite" or arcsine. The cosecant is often confused as being the inverse of the cosine, which, in reality, is the secant, otherwise known as "hypotenuse over adjacent" or arccosine.
To find the angle whose sine is 0.083, you can use the inverse sine function (arcsin). In degrees, this would be approximately 4.78 degrees. In radians, it is around 0.0833 radians. Since the sine function is periodic, there are additional angles in different quadrants that also satisfy this condition.
arc sine is the inverse function of the sine function so if y = sin(x) then x = arcsin(y) where y belongs to [-pi/2, pi/2]. It can be calculated using the Taylor series given in the link below.
To find the angle whose sine is 0.151, you can use the inverse sine function (arcsin). Using a calculator, the angle is approximately 8.68 degrees or 0.151 radians. Keep in mind that sine is positive in both the first and second quadrants, so the angle could also be 171.32 degrees (or 3.00 radians) if considering the range of possible angles.
The differential of the sine function is the cosine function while the differential of the cosine function is the negative of the sine function.