It comes from the Latin. "Circus" means ring. "Circulus" means "small ring." That got shortened to "circle."
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a hemisphere
semicircleA half circle is called a semicircle.Half a circle is a semi-circle
A part of a circle between two points on a circle is called is called an arc.
A squashed circle is called an elipse.
A quarter of a circle is called a Quadrant.