exterior and interior of a circle
This is often also called a "circle", so you may have to infer the specific meaning of "circle" from the context.
the set of points whose distance from the center of the circle is less than that of the radius.
That's a "sector" of the circle. It looks like a slice of pie.
The area bounded by an arc of circle and two radii is known as a "circular sector"
exterior and interior of a circle
This is often also called a "circle", so you may have to infer the specific meaning of "circle" from the context.
The length of the perimeter is the circumference. The perimeter itself is the boundary between the interior and exterior of the circle. The perimeter of a circle is called the circumference
Sector.
That's a chord. The longest possible chord is one that passes throughthe center of the circle. That one is called a "diameter" of the circle.
Yes
the disk
This is the definition of an inscribed angle in geometry. An inscribed angle is formed by two chords in a circle that also share a common point called the vertex.
In everyday use, the term "circle" may be used interchangeably to refer to either the boundary of the figure (known as theperimeter) or to the whole figure including its interior. However, in strict technical usage, "circle" refers to the perimeter while the interior of the circle is called a disk. The circumference of a circle is the perimeter of the circle (especially when referring to its length)
inscribed angle
These are words which describe the direction of circular motion, by referring to the motion of the hands on an analog clock. Basically, if you are proceeding around the circumference of a circle with the interior of the circle on your right-hand side, you are proceeding clockwise. If you have the interior of the circle on your left side, you are proceeding anticlockwise (sometimes also called counterclockwise).
Any point whose distance from the centre of the circle is smaller than the radius of the circle.