is always smaller in diamater
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Number 6 wire is thicker and can carry more current compared to number 12 wire. The American Wire Gauge (AWG) system is used to measure wire sizes, with lower numbers indicating thicker wires. Number 6 wire has a larger diameter and lower resistance than number 12 wire.
Considering that everything else is equal, ie. glass, incoming wire. If you are talking only about the filament wire that is attached between the Two poles inside the bulb, the answer is friction. The thicker the wire the less resistance it will have and will allow more electricity to pass without creating friction, the friction is what causes the wire to heat up and glow.
The white wire is typically neutral, the black wire is usually hot or live, the red wire may be a secondary live wire or used for a separate function, and the bare wire is typically the ground wire for safety purposes in an electrical circuit.
In electrical wiring, the live or "hot" wire is typically brown or red, the neutral wire is typically blue or black, and the ground wire is yellow or green. So, in this case, the brown wire is likely the hot wire, the blue wire is the neutral wire, and the yellow green wire is the ground wire.
For a typical 12-2 wire, the black wire is the "hot" wire that connects to the breaker, the white wire is the neutral wire that connects to the neutral bus bar, and the bare copper wire is the ground wire that connects to the ground bus bar in the circuit panel.
it is the earth wire