Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish mathematician and astronomer, was the first scholar in the 16th century to propose the heliocentric theory in his book "De revolutionibus orbium coelestium" published in 1543.
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Galileo did not propose a heliocentric theory, he agreed with Copernicus and his heliocentric theory. The Catholic church, at the time, disagreed and they held a huge amount of power and put him on trial.
He was an Italian scientist of the 17th century. He did not prove the heliocentric theory. But everyone accepts the heliocentric principle now, after it was proved right; but that happened long after Galileo's time, after new scientific discoveries in the latter half of the 1600s.
The heliocentric theory, which posits that the Earth and other planets revolve around the Sun, originated in the 16th century. It was proposed by astronomers such as Nicolaus Copernicus and further developed by Galileo Galilei and Johannes Kepler during the Scientific Revolution.
Ancient Greek philosopher Aristarchus of Samos is the first known individual to propose that the Sun is at the center of the solar system. His heliocentric model challenged the prevailing geocentric view of the universe.
It took several decades for the heliocentric theory to be widely accepted after it was introduced by Copernicus in the 16th century. Initially, there was resistance from both the scientific community and religious authorities, but over time, accumulating evidence and observations supporting the heliocentric model led to its eventual acceptance.