Yes all sets have subsets.Even the null set.
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If a set has N elements then it has 2N subsets. So you can see that a list of all subsets soon becomes a very big task. For reasonably small values of N, one way to generate all subsets is to list the binary numbers from 0 to 2N. Then, each of these represents a subset of the original set. If the nth digit is 0 then the nth element is not in the set and if the nth digit is 1 then the nth element is in the set. That will generate all the subsets.
No. The number of subsets of that set is strictly greater than the cardinality of that set, by Cantor's theorem. Moreover, it's consistent with ZFC that there are two sets which have different cardinality, yet have the same number of subsets.
Partitioning is dividing a set of things into subsets such that the union of all the subsets is the original set and the intersection of any two subsets is the null set. That is, between them, the subsets account for the whole of the original set and there are no elements in more than one subset.
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The subsets of all the square roots of 144 are {+12} and {-12}. The single set that includes all the square roots of 144 is {+12, -12}. That's all there are. There are no more.