You use the Pythagoras Theorem if it is a right-angled triangle. a squared + b squared = h (longest side, diagonal) squared, then square root h to find the longest side.
if it is not a right angled triangle, then use the Sine or Cosine rule.
Sine rule for: two angles and any one side or two sides and an angle that is not in between the sides.
Cosine rule for: all three sides (but then you do not need to find a missing side) or two sides and an angle that is in between.
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It is the same length as the corresponding side on the other triangle.
yes
It all depends on what information you DO have. If all you have is two lengths, then all you can say is that the missing side is greater than the difference between the two and less than the sum of the two.
The length of side A squared plus the length of side B sqaured equals the missing side of the triangle squared. So i.e. if side A is 4 and side B is 3 then 4x4 which is 16 plus 3x3 which is 9 equals 25 and the square root of 25 equals 5. So in conclusion the missing side equals 5.
The answer will depend on whether the length is the hypotenuse or one of the legs of the triangle.