It sounds like you are talking about prime numbers.
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We call this left over number the remainder.
The number by which a number is divided is called the divisor. The number which is divided is called the dividend and the number resulting from the division is called the quotient.
All numbers can be divided. But if you get a number with an infinate decimal that would be called an irrational number(the dividend, not the divisor) a number that can't be divided is a prime number. prime number
In any division sum, such as 8 / 4 = 2, the number to be divided, in this instance, the 8, is the dividend.
The answer to a division problem is the quotient