It simply means that there is no limit to the number of values that x can take. It does not necessarily mean that x is very large. As Cantor proved, there are an infinite number of value between any two numbers - no matter how close together they are.
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An infinite number of sizes. Start off with any octagon. Multiply each of its sides by any number x (>0). That will give a similar octagon that is x times as large. The number of such octagons then is equal to the number of possible values for x, ie infinite.
Yes. A function is a rule to assign a value based on some other value; you can make the function equal to a constant for all values of a variable "x", or you can make it equal to a few values. Commonly used functions of this type include the integer function (take the integer part of a number), which, if you consider a finite domain (for example, all numbers from 0 to 10), has an infinite number of values in the domain, but only a few specific values in its range; and the sign function.
There are an infinite amount of answers if you use decimal values. However, 71 is a prime number, so 1 x 71 is 71 and 71 x 1 = 71.
(x+y)/2 gives you the average you just add the values together and divide by the number of values you have
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