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Both systems have the Sun at the centre, but Copernicus stuck to the ancient model of circles and epicycles to explain the planets' orbits.

Kepler on the other hand used new measurements by Tycho Brahe to suggest, after a lot of detailed calculations, that the planets move in elliptical orbits.

The difference between an ellipse and a circular orbit with an epicycle is extremely small in the case of planetary orbits which have a low eccentricity factor. It was not until Tycho came along that measurements of sufficient accuracy were available for Kepler to make his discovery.

Later the elliptical orbits were explained theoretically, after the discovery of the law of gravity and the laws of motion. This eventually led to Kepler's theory being generally accepted as right, which it still is.

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Q: What is the main difference between Kepler's system and Copernicus' system?
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What is the main difference between keplers system and the Copernicus system?

Copernicus's system used circles and epicycles, just like the ancient Ptolemaic system, with the difference that by placing the Sun at the centre Copernicus could simplify the complicated paths taken by the planets through space. Kepler had the advantage of new accurate observations made by Tycho Brahe at the end of the 16th century, and these enabled Kepler to realise that by using elliptical orbits for the planets, the modelled positions could be fitted more closely with the measured positions. Kepler retained the idea of having the Sun at the centre and it is the model used today with slight modifications from Einstein's theory of relativity.


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