residual (reserve) volume
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You need to measure the mass using appropriate equipment. You can measure the volume of a textbook and a container of milk by measuring its linear dimensions and calculating the volume. It is not at all easy to measure the volume of an air balloon. You cannot use displacement of a fluid (water) because when submerged, the balloon would be experiencing water pressure and so would occupy a smaller volume. You cannot measure it by allowing the air to escape and measure that volume of air because that air will no longer be experiencing the pressure exerted by the material (rubber?) of the balloon. I have no answer to this part. Once you have the mass and volume, the density is merely mass/volume.
The factors are: -The volume that the air takes up (the greater the volume the less the pressure) -The amount/number of molecules of air (the more gas the higher the pressure) -The temperature (the higher the temperature the higher the pressure) and that's it lol
The purpose of a flow meter is to measure the flow of either air or water. They allow one to measure the total volume of air or liquid flow and the rate of the flow.
The idea is to divide the mass by the volume. I assume the half liter is what fits inside the bottle; in theory, the actual volume of the bottle plus the contents should be slightly more. Also, in theory you'll have to add a small amount of mass for the air inside. If the bottle is filled with air, then you'll actually get the average density of the bottle plus the air.
Yes, but only if there is air, dust and other molecular scale debris attached to the ball. In a perfect universe, where nothing but the ball enters the water, then the volume would be exactly the same as that of the sphere.