It is called a representative sample.
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In stats, a sampling error is simply one that comes from looking at a sample of the population in question and not the entire population. That is where the name comes from. But there are other kinds of stats errors. In contrast, non sampling error refers to ANY other kind of error that does NOT come from looking at the sample instead of the population. One example you may want to know about of a non sampling error is a systematic error. OR Sampling Error: There may be inaccuracy in the information collected during the sample survey, this inaccuracy may be termed as Sampling error. Sampling error = Frame error + Chance error + Response error.
A very small effect having a greater side effect on a variable or an object may be termed as a strong correlation.
False: they are called exogenous.
In statistics this is usually termed a stem-leaf plot. To see some I suggest going to image.google.com and querying for stem leaf plot.
A number of trials, each of which has only two outcomes: these are usually termed "success" and "failure". The trials must be independent and the probability of success must remain constant.