statistics
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It is called a representative sample.
stratificatin
That the key characteristics of the population are reflected in the sample.
When we think of the term "population," we usually think of people in our town, region, state or country and their respective characteristics such as gender, age, marital status, ethnic membership, religion and so forth. In statistics the term "population" takes on a slightly different meaning. The "population" in statistics includes all members of a defined group that we are studying or collecting information on for data driven decisions.A part of the population is called a sample. It is a proportion of the population, a slice of it, a part of it and all its characteristics. A sample is a scientifically drawn group that actually possesses the same characteristics as the population - if it is drawn randomly.(This may be hard for you to believe, but it is true!)
If they are randomly drawn and large enough.