There are continuous functions, for example f(t) = e^{t^2}, for which the integral defining the Laplace transform does not converge for any value of the Laplace variable s. So you could say that this continuous function does not have a Laplace transform.
That's true. If a function is continuous, it's (Riemman) integrable, but the converse is not true.
yes, every continuous function is integrable.
No. y = 1/x is continuous but unbounded.
A continuous signal is one that is measured over a time axis and has a value defined at every instance. The real world is continuous (ie. analog). A discrete signal is one that is defined at integers, and thus is undefined in between samples (digital is an example of a discrete signal, but discrete does not have to imply digital). Instead of a time axis, a discrete signal is gathered over a sampling axis. Discrete signals are usually denoted by x[k] or x[n], a continuous signal is x(t) for example. Laplace transforms are used for continuous analysis, Z-transforms are used for discrete analysis. Fourier transforms can be used for either.
All differentiable functions need be continuous at least.
Yes, that happens with any continuous function. The limit is equal to the function value in this case.Yes, that happens with any continuous function. The limit is equal to the function value in this case.Yes, that happens with any continuous function. The limit is equal to the function value in this case.Yes, that happens with any continuous function. The limit is equal to the function value in this case.
Υou show that it is continuous in every element of it's domain.
No. It has a discontinuity at every integer value.
No
Intuitively, a continuous function y = f(x) is one where small changes in x result in small changes in y. More rigorously, consider the function y = f(x) defined on the domain D to the codomain C where both D and C are subsets of R. Then f(x) is continuous at a point p in D if the limit of f(x) as x approaches p within D is f(p). The function is said to be continuous is it is continuous at every point in its domain. The domain and codomain of f can be extended to multiple dimensions provided a suitable metric (eg Pythagorean distance) is used.
It transforms incident rays (say, from the Sun) of white light [that contains almost every light frequency] into, by Refraction, a Rainbow. Please ask next - What are the main Astronomical uses of the Prism.