A right triangle is easy, simply multiply the two sides and divide by two
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Use the sine rule to work out one of the sides. (a/sina = b/sinb = c/sinc) Then as it is an isosceles triangle the perpendicular dropped from the apex will (a) bisect the base and (b) form a right angle with the base. Now you know one side and the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle and you use Pythagoras (a2 + b2 = c2) to solve the 'other' side of that, which is the height of the isosceles triangle.
Lets work it out:- If the legs are 12 and 16 inches, then a rectangle of that size would be 192 square inches in area. As the the diagonal of the rectangle makes two equal triangles (of legs 12 and 16 inches), the area of one of these is half the area of the triangle - 192/2 = 96 square inches.
If you want to figure out just the area of the triangle, the formula is base times height divided by 2. It does not matter if it is inside a square, as long as you have the legnths of all they sides you need to calculate the area of that triangle. If you do not, It would be very difficult.
In any triangle - not just right angled ones - the following holds true.* If angle A is opposite side a * and angle B is opposite side b * and angle C is opposite side cthen* SinAº/a = SinBº/b = SinCº/c (this is known as The Sine Rule)and* a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cosA (This is known as The Cosine Rule)So, all you ever need to know is three of the triangle's six properties and you can work out any of the others.
The side you use as the base does not matter. What does matter is that the height is the perpendicular distance between this side and the other vertex. If there is a right angle in the triangle, then use the two sides next to it as the base and height. Otherwise a bit of trigonometry will be required to work out the height of the triangle if it is not given.