When they are at right angles to one another.
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Orthogonal and perpendicular are essentially the same thing: When two lines, planes, etc. intersect at a right angle, or 90 degrees, they are orthogonal/perpendicular.Orthogonal is simply a term used more commonly for vectors, when they have a scalar/inner/dot product of 0, as:vector u X vector v = (length of vector u) X (length of vector v) X cos @ ,@ being the angle between the two vectors.When the scalar product is 0, that is because @ is 90 degrees, and cos 90 = 0. Therefore, the vectors u and v are orthogonal.
A matrix A is orthogonal if itstranspose is equal to it inverse. So AT is the transpose of A and A-1 is the inverse. We have AT=A-1 So we have : AAT= I, the identity matrix Since it is MUCH easier to find a transpose than an inverse, these matrices are easy to compute with. Furthermore, rotation matrices are orthogonal. The inverse of an orthogonal matrix is also orthogonal which can be easily proved directly from the definition.
It need not be, so the question makes no sense!
Vectors are used in the sun
Yes - if you accept vectors pointing in opposite directions as "parallel". Example: 3 + 2 + (-5) = 0