The diagram should be divided into to parts, the domain and the range. The domain is those things that you put into the possible function and the range is what comes out. Let's call a member of the domain x and of the range y. You can tell it is a function by tracing from each x to each y. If there is only one y for each x; there is only one arrow coming from each x, then it is function!
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The domain of a function determines what values of x you can plug into it whereas the range of a function determines the values that are your results. Therefore, look at the y-axis if you want to determine the range of a function and look at the x-axis if you want to determine the domain.
It is impossible to determine the function here. (-1,4) is just a point on a graph.
If the graph is a function, no line perpendicular to the X-axis can intersect the graph at more than one point.
The cosine function is used to determine the x component of the vector. The sine function is used to determine the y component. Consider a vector drawn on an x-y plane with its initial point at (0,0). If L is the magnitude of the vector and theta is the angle from the positive x axis to the vector, then the x component of the vector is L * cos(theta) and the y component is L * sin(theta).
That all depends on the meaning of the context. If you want to determine the values of the polynomial function, then you need to substitute the value for the input variable of the function. Finally, evaluate it. For instance: f(x) = x + 2 If x = 2, then f(2) = 2 + 2 = 4.