Differential calculus (commonly calculus 1) is used in optimization -- basically finding the best or most likely choice for something. For example, the best movie based on past recommendations, or the best price to sell something at), or the most likely meaning for a word.
Series, especially Taylor Series, are used to approximate functions and make computation easier. For example, one can replace e^x with the approximation 1+x+x^2/2, when x is close to 0.
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The difference between Leibniz calculus to Newton calculus was that Leibniz developed Newton's calculus into the calculus we all know today. For instance, diffentiation and intergration, limits, continuity, etc. This type of calculus was the pure mathematics. On the otherhand, the calculus which Newton found was that used in physics, such as speed and velocity which helped with physics greatly. Today, calculus not only used in just mathematics or physics, but used in finance, as well as exploited in engineering.
In the 'real world', the purpose of a course of study in pre-calculus is to prepare the student for a course of study in Calculus.
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It is used in almost every field of science and much more! Here is a link to something fun that uses calculus. http://www.geom.uiuc.edu/apps/rainbow/
The term calculus comes directly from Latin. In Latin a calculus (noun) is a small stone used for counting, much like the beads on an abacus. One of the fundamental uses for modern calculus is integration, which is of course addition of infinitely small sections.