Wattage is really what is needed. If you are working with DC voltage, Ohm's Law is at work. But to answer your question directly probably a #4 wire.
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To answer this question the circuit's voltage needs to be stated. Then a voltage drop calculation can be made.
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Yes, a #10 wire will carry 30 amps for 30 feet. If the load is rated as continuous then the wire will have to be derated to 80% capacity which will leave you with 24 workable amps. If the load demands currents higher that 24 amps then you will have to go to the next wire size up which is a #8 which is rated at 45 amps.
30 amps is how much a 10-2 wire will carry at 110 feet. 10 gauge wire is only good for thirty amps per the national electrical code. Using 80% of the breakers usage you will actually be getting only 24 amps.
You will need a 40 amp breaker using AWG # 8 wire running it a distance of no more than 50 feet.
140 AMPS
50 amps.