The question is irrelevant if you don't include the amperage.
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240
The key parameter in sizing wire is the current requirement. Once you know that you can look up value in a wire gauge table. The length of the run is important for longer runs because of the resistance of the wire itself. Aluminum wire requires a larger diameter than copper for the same current. Once you calculate the wire size you can then size the conduit.
You size wire by the current. Various insulations are rated for voltage, temperature and the medium where the wire will be run.
Depends on the size of the circuit which you did not list.
No, a 240 volt device runs on 240, and a 120 volt device runs on 120. Attempting to run a device on incompatible voltage results in damage.