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By using that one thing.
The shape is known as an involute the shape is analogous to unwinding a piece of string from a spool representing the base circle diameter of the gear, imagine your pencil at the end of the string and the string kept tight during unwinding, unwind until line meets OD of gear, then apply blend radius at base circle, then mirror about tooth centre line for full tooth profile.
A closed circuit works by having electricity flow in a complete circuit or circle or any closed shape.
What kind of loop like a music or a shape? ☺☺☺
#include<iostream> struct shape { virtual double area () const = 0; }; struct triangle : shape { triangle (double b, double h): base (b), height (h) {} double base, height; double area () const override { return base * height / 2; } }; struct circle : shape { circle (double r): radius (r) {} double radius; double area () const override { return 4 * atan(1) * radius * radius; } }; struct rectangle : shape { rectangle (double w, double h): width (w), height (h) {} double width, height; double area () const override { return width * height; } }; int main() { triangle t (10, 5); std::cout << "triangle with base " << t.base << " and height " << t.height << " has area " << t.area() << std::endl; circle c (5); std::cout << "circle with radius " << c.radius << " has area " << c.area() << std::endl; rectangle r (10, 5); std::cout << "rectangle with width " << r.width << " and height " << r.height << " has area " << r.area() << std::endl; }