The general formula for any type of pyramid - as well as for cones - is (1/3)Bh, where "B" is the base area, and "h" is the perpendicular height.
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rectangle and octahedron
Volume of a pyramid = 1/3*base area*height
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Start with an octahedron in the form of a quadrilateral based dipyramid a regular octahedron is a special case of this). This shape has six vertices - chop these off so as to remove a quadrilateral based pyramid. You will be left with a truncated octahedron. It is an octahedron which has been truncated (shortened) by cutting off its extremities.
It can be but need not be. A heptagon-based pyramid is an octahedron. However, the term is often used for the Platonic solid bounded by eight equilateral triangles - in the form of two square based pyramids stuck together base-to-base.