Logarithms of numbers less than one are negative. For example, the logarithm of 1/2 will be negative.
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3: The negative of the logarithm (base 10) of the concentration. The logarithm of 1 is 0 and the logarithm of 10-3 is -3; the logarithm of their product is the sum of their individual logarithms, -3 in this instance, and the negative of -3 is +3.
Yes. The logarithm of 1 is zero; the logarithm of any number less than one is negative. For example, in base 10, log(0.1) = -1, log(0.01) = -2, log(0.001) = -3, etc.
In the real numbers, the logarithm is only defined for positive numbers. The logarithm of zero or a negative number is undefined. (For calculators who work with complex number, only the logarithm of zero is undefined.) This follows from the definition of the logarithm, as the solution of: 10x = whatever "Whatever" is the number of which you want to calculate the logarithm. Since 10x is always positive, that means you can't find an "x" such that the power results in a negative number, or in zero. The same applies if you use a base other than 10, for example the number e = 2.718...
take the negative logarithm ex. 10^-4 has a pH of 4