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Ratio scales and Bar scales are two scales that can determine the actual distance. Ratio scale is describes as the ratio of units in a smaller .
That is called the "scale" of the map.
# is the ratio of the demensions in the drawing to the corresponding actual dimensions. The scale factor for a scale drawing is the ratio of the dimensions in the drawing to the corresponding acual bimensions.
It's called the "scale."
The Sortino Ratio is the actual return minus the target return, all divided by the downside risk. The downside risk is either calculated by the semi standard deviation, or the 2nd order lower partial moment. The related link "Calculate the Sortino Ratio with Excel" provideds an Excel spreadsheet to calculate the Sortino Ratio