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As with most advanced math, if your "real life" involves engineering work, you will use such math; otherwise, you will hardly have anything to do, in this case, with polynomial functions.
It depends on the domain. In the complex domain, a polynomial of order n must have n solutions, although some of these may be multiple solutions. In the real domain, a polynomial of odd order must have at least one real solution, while a polynomial of even order may have no real solutions.
You forgot to copy the polynomial. However, the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra states that every polynomial has at least one root, if complex roots are allowed. If a polynomial has only real coefficients, and it it of odd degree, it will also have at least one real solution.
A quadratic polynomial must have zeros, though they may be complex numbers.A quadratic polynomial with no real zeros is one whose discriminant b2-4ac is negative. Such a polynomial has no special name.
The real roots of what, exactly? If you mean a square trinomial, then: If the discriminant is positive, the polynomial has two real roots. If the discriminant is zero, the polynomial has one (double) real root. If the discriminant is negative, the polynomial has two complex roots (and of course no real roots). The discriminant is the term under the square root in the quadratic equation, in other words, b2 - 4ac.