Improper calibration of the measuring instrument. If the measuring instrument is not at zero prior to measuring the object you will get a systematic error which, is a value either always higher or always lower then the actual value of the object.
In a numerical analysis sense, it means you've made a mistake/forgotten to take the modulus, as the formula for error calculation involves taking modulus values:Erel= |x-x*| / |x|, where x is the proper value, and x* an approximate value.Percentage error is just the relative error (formula above) x100, so really if you calculate it correctly, its actually impossible to get a negative percentage error.That aside, the only thing a negative error means, besides making a mistake, is that your approximation is larger/smaller than the real value, depending on which one you take away from, as it doesn't matter if you do x-x* or x*-x due to the modulus. The only thing that matters about any error value, is the size/number, which indicates by how much your approximation differs from the real value.
The standard error.
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A systematic error. This may arise because the measuring instrument is not properly calibrated or because there is a bias in recording the results.
Zero error is necessary for measuring instruments for measuring accurate results because it helps to check that the instrument which we are using is whether correct or wrong
Improper calibration of the measuring instrument. If the measuring instrument is not at zero prior to measuring the object you will get a systematic error which, is a value either always higher or always lower then the actual value of the object.
Intrinsic error.
In a numerical analysis sense, it means you've made a mistake/forgotten to take the modulus, as the formula for error calculation involves taking modulus values:Erel= |x-x*| / |x|, where x is the proper value, and x* an approximate value.Percentage error is just the relative error (formula above) x100, so really if you calculate it correctly, its actually impossible to get a negative percentage error.That aside, the only thing a negative error means, besides making a mistake, is that your approximation is larger/smaller than the real value, depending on which one you take away from, as it doesn't matter if you do x-x* or x*-x due to the modulus. The only thing that matters about any error value, is the size/number, which indicates by how much your approximation differs from the real value.
The standard error.
stop watch
A systematic error is a reproducible inaccuracy with a nonzero mean. It can be avoided by ensuring that the measuring equipment is not flawed.
The Vernier caliper is an extremely precise measuring instrument Error is almost impossible The error that we must always look out for is the zero error and parralex error.
The zero error of a measuring instrument is the measure that it shows when it should actually be showing zero.
An eighth of an inch.
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An error in measuring the radius (or diameter) of the cylinder has a greater effect on the accuracy of the volume calculation than an error in measuring the cylinder's length, since the volume is proportional to the square of the radius.