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What causes systematic error?
Improper calibration of the measuring instrument. If the measuring instrument is not at zero prior to measuring the object you will get a systematic error which, is a value either always higher or always lower then the actual value of the object.
What does negative percentage error indicate?
In a numerical analysis sense, it means you've made a mistake/forgotten to take the modulus, as the formula for error calculation involves taking modulus values:Erel= |x-x*| / |x|, where x is the proper value, and x* an approximate value.Percentage error is just the relative error (formula above) x100, so really if you calculate it correctly, its actually impossible to get a negative percentage error.That aside, the only thing a negative error means, besides making a mistake, is that your approximation is larger/smaller than the real value, depending on which one you take away from, as it doesn't matter if you do x-x* or x*-x due to the modulus. The only thing that matters about any error value, is the size/number, which indicates by how much your approximation differs from the real value.
What is the most useful descriptive statistic of measuring dispersion?
The standard error.
Why is the use of zero error is necessary in in a measuring instruments?
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What is meant by non sampling error?
A systematic error. This may arise because the measuring instrument is not properly calibrated or because there is a bias in recording the results.
