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a. The correlation between X and Y is spurious b. X is the cause of Y c. Y is the cause of X d. A third variable is the cause of the correlation between X and Y
Dogs are spurious slimes because they can't feel.
If measurements are taken for two (or more) variable for a sample , then the correlation between the variables are the sample correlation. If the sample is representative then the sample correlation will be a good estimate of the true population correlation.
Evidence that there is no correlation.
They can be positive correlation, negative correlation or no correlation depending on 'line of best fit'