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Follow these steps:Find all the values that the random variable (RV) can take, x.For each x, find the probability that the RV takes than value, p(x).Multiply them: x*p(x).Sum these over all possible values of x.The above sum is the expected value of the RV, X.
If X takes the value 1 with probability p and 0 with probability (1-p), and there are n independent trials then E(X) = np
The expected value of a Martingale system is the last observed value.
Skewness is measured as the third standardised moment of the random variable. Skewness is the expected value of {[X - E(X)]/sd(X)}3 where sd(X) = sqrt(Variance of X)
because it is stonger of all elements