It is a trigonometric function whose argument is the number theta.
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Tangent (theta) is defined as sine (theta) divided by cosine (theta). In a right triangle, it is also defined as opposite (Y) divided by adjacent (X).
tan (theta x theta) : must square the value of the angle, theta, before applying the trig function, tangent.
The tangent of an angle theta (tan(theta)) cannot be expressed as a percentage since it is a mathematical function that gives the ratio of the opposite side to the adjacent side in a right triangle. It is a dimensionless quantity and is typically expressed as a decimal or a fraction.
The domain of a function is the set of values of the independent variable for which the function is valid. In practice, this is the allowable values of X or, in this case, theta. The sine and cosine functions have a domain of all numbers from negative infinity to positive infinity. The tangent function, however, is sine(theta) / cosine(theta). Cosine(theta) has value of zero at theta equal to pi / 2, 3pi/2, 5pi/2, ... in the positive direction, and -pi/2, -3pi/2, -5pi/2, ... As a result, tangent(theta) is undefined at these values, so the domain of tangent is all numbers from negative infinity to positive infinity except all numbers n pi/2 where n is odd.
There is no particular meaning associated with theta - it will depend on the context.