An octagon has 8 sides. You can also say "8-sided polygon".
An octagon is a simple figure : it divides the plane on which it is drawn into just two regions. These regions are normally referred to as 'inside' and 'outside'.
It is possible to draw a figure using 8 straight lines which divides the plane into more than two regions.
There are many more possibilities, which are easy to draw but increasingly difficult to describe in words. Almost all the non-simple figures do not have a name.
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Polygon: A closed shape bounded by straight lines.
A shape with at least one side that is not straight, a shape where a pair of straight lines cross one another (like an angular figure of 8).
It is an 8 sided polygon - a plane shape bounded by 8 straight lines of equal length. The angles need not be of the same measure.
A quadrilateral or quadrangle.
It could be a stretched circle - a bit like an ellipse except that an ellipse does not have straight lines.