One example is analyse a music note, represented as a waveform, into a series of frequencies called the fundamental, second harmonic, third harmonic etc. This is useful in designing audio systems because an ordinary note, let's say middle-C, is at 260 Hz but played by an instrument the note also has harmonics that let you identify the instrument. An audio system has to reproduce the fundamental note but the harmonics also, otherwise the listener won't hear proper music.
A square wave with a period of 2pi has a Fourier series of 4/pi *(cos x - 1/3 cos 3x + 1/5 cos 5x . . . . ) and it can be integrated to give this series: 4/pi*(sin x -1/9 sin 3x + 1/25 sin 5x . . . ) which is obviously the series for a triangular wave, so the series shows that the upper harmonics are smaller.
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we use fourier transform to convert our signal form time domain to frequency domain. This tells us how much a certain frequency is involve in our signal. It also gives us many information that we cannot get from time domain. And we can easily compare signals in frequency domain.
Physics would be one of a few examples of fourier transform. One would also use it when they are using engineering so, yeah that is basically it as far as the fourier transform is concerned.
when we have need to know the temperature in a bar about any distance we can use fourier series to know that and then we can apply sufficient temperature.
Graphs in real life are used in at times when analysis of information is needed. for example, when tracking population growth of a species over a period of years scientists will use empirical data and field study to graph out how the species is growing or declining for study.
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