The bottom line is it would be wasteful and foolish to use the entire population when a sample, drawn scientifically, provides accuracy in representing your population of interest. Assessing all individuals may be impossible, impractical, expensive or even inaccurate.
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You can estimate a population's size when counting individuals if the density in a sample is greater than the population density.
equal variances
population is the number of citizens living in a defined geographical area. Sample is a number taken from the population being the sample to research for a topic about the populations' behavior or habit, etc.
If measurements are taken for two (or more) variable for a sample , then the correlation between the variables are the sample correlation. If the sample is representative then the sample correlation will be a good estimate of the true population correlation.
he population mean