A cord of a circle is any line segment connecting any two unique points on the curve. Any cord drawn through the center of the circle will be a diameter of the circle. These cords will be the longest cords that can be drawn, and any one of them can bisect the circle into two identical parts.
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Yes, the perpendicular bisector of a cord is the shortest distance from the centre of a circle to the cord.
Diameter
Any line that passes through a circle and touches two points on its circumference is a secant line. (Recall that a line is infinitely long.) If the line passes through the center of the circle, it is still called a secant line. Compare this to a line segment that has its endpoints on the circumference of the circle. That line segment is called the cord of the circle. If that cord passes through the center of the circle, it is a diameter of the circle, which is the longest cord of that circle.
A diameter is a cord in a circle containing the center of the circle. But some circles are sections of spheres. Not all diameters are diameters of spheres.
There is no 180' circle that would be half a circle. A complete circle is 360 degrees A circle is 360º no matter what its size is.