The long division box is called a "division bracket" or a "division bar." It is used to separate the dividend from the divisor in the long division process. The division bracket helps to organize the numbers and steps involved in dividing one number by another.
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Yep, to do long division the box is called a division bracket.
It is the dividend
It is the middle number in the short (5~1=5) division or outside of the box in long division.
It is called long division because you write down all the numbers for each step to solve the problem and for large numbers there is a lot of writing down. There is a technique called short division which is similar but is more mental, not requiring all the long division steps. But it is usually done only when you are dividing by a small number less than 10, so it is not that useful.
The numerator goes in the division box.