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The mean can be a true value. The mean height of the members of my family will be a true value.

However if my family is used as a (non-random) sample to represent all humankind, the mean will not be the true value but an estimated value. The accuracy of that estimate will depend on how representative of humankind my family is - at least in their heights.

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Q: Why is the mean an estimated value and not the true value?
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