The plicae circulares slow down the food passing along the intestines. Because of their shape there is an increase in the surface area between the food and the walls on the intestines which allows more efficient absorption of nutrients from the chyme - the stuff that comes from the stomach.
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Plicae circulares slow down the passage of the chyme along the intestines, therefore increasing the availability for the process of segmentation. They can also increase the surface area for fat absorption.
The trigonometric functions give ratios defined by an angle. Whenever you have an angle and a side in right triangle, you can find all the other angles and sides using the six trigonometric functions and their inverses. The link below demonstrates the relationship between functions.
Yes, that is why they are called "principal". The domains are restricted so that the functions become injective.
There are several topics under the broad category of trigonometry. * Angle measurements * Properties of angles and circles * Basic trigonometric functions and their reciprocals and co-functions * Graphs of trigonometric functions * Trigonometric identities * Angle addition and subtraction formulas for trigonometric functions * Double and half angle formulas for trigonometric functions * Law of sines and law of cosines * Polar and polar imaginary coordinates.
* What are the exponential equivalents of hyperbolics? * How do hyperbolics relate to standard trig functions? * What shape does cosh produce? * Why does cosh grow faster than sinh? * What are the derivatives and integrals of various functions?
The range of the circular trig functions sin and cos is is [-1,1], but even in the case of circular functions the range of the tangent function is all real numbers. This is of course true of tangent even if we do not limit it to circular functions. So your question, I assume, is asking about all trig functions. If so the range is all real numbers.