It is an electrical code rule that is determined by the amount of current that a connected device draws. Depending on the amperage that the equipment will draw determines what the size of the wire needed to handle the fault current. The larger the amperage the larger the ground wire needed.
The ground wire (equipment grounding conductor) runs back to the panel then to a ground rod. If there is a ground fault in the circuit, the current will flow on the equipment grounding conductor back to ground. Electricity follows the path of least resistance. This is why a ground wire is so important and why NOTHING should ever be hooked to a ground wire. It has the least resistance back to source.
A #14 wire will do fine for grounding a 20 amp device. That is the size of the ground wire in a 2 conductor # 12 wire building cable.
An equipment ground wire will discharge the excess voltage due to electrical surges to protect the circuit from damaging.For a full explanation of how this works see the answers to the Related Questions shown below.
Yes, there are ground wire gauges. The approiate size ground wire must be matched to the size service you are installing. For instance a 200 amp serivce must be grounded with a # 4 bare copper ground wire.
The ground wire in a two or three conductor #12 cable is a #14 bare ground wire.
A 200 amp service panel will require a # 4 bare copper ground wire.
To calculate the wire size, a system voltage is needed.
Yes, as long as it is the same size wire or larger as the hot and neutral wires.
Yes, NEC has an entire chart on grounding.
1/0 copper
Generally, when using PVC conduit you should also run a ground wire.
The type of wire does not generally determine whether something is a ground wire or not. A wire is a ground wire if it is connected to the ground of a circuit, or the common ground (the reference point of a circuit that is at 0 volts). However, in relation to the grounding rod used to connect the main circuit panel for a house, the rods are almost always made of steel that are copper plated.