if f(x) = x3 + 4x2 - 11x - 30, then yes, (x - 3) is indeed a factor.
f(x) = x3 + 4x2 - 11x - 30
∴ f(x) = (x - 3)(x2 + 7x + 10)
∴ f(x) = (x - 3)(x + 2)(x + 5)
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x3 + 8 = x3 + 23 = (x + 2)[x2 - (x)(2) + 22] = (x + 2) (x2 - 2x + 4)
x3 - 3x2 + x - 3 = (x2 +1)( x - 3)
x2(x3 + 1) is the best you can do there.
If you mean "factors", the two monomials have the common factor x2. Divide each factor by x2 to get the other factor.
x3 + 3x2 - 6x - 8 = (x - 2)(x2 + 5x + 4) = (x - 2)(x + 1)(x + 4)