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the rate of change is related to the slope; the higher the slope, the higher the rate. If the line is vertical, that is infinite slope or infinite rate of change which is not possible
It is the gradient: the change in the vertical direction divided by the change in the horizontal direction.
If the graph is a non-vertical straight line, then the rate of change is constant. If the line is curved, then the rate of change (slope) varies.
This is done with a process of limits. Average rate of change is, for example, (change of y) / (change of x). If you make "change of x" smaller and smaller, in theory (with certain assumptions, a bit too technical to mention here), you get closer and closer to the instant rate of change. In the "limit", when "change of x" approaches zero, you get the true instantaneous rate of change.
You find the average rate of change of the function. That gives you the derivative on different points of the graph.