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The controlled variable is the penny. The independent variable is the water. The dependent variable is the amount of water able to fit on the penny.
amount of light amount of water amount of force amount of heat etc.the variable that changes and the one that the dependent variable depends on to change
the Independent variable is the variable that is not effected in any way by the dependent variable, where as the dependent variable is. for example, amount of water that has flown through a tap in a set number of seconds. the number of seconds is not effected in any way by the amount of water, as water flow has no effect on the passing of time. however, if water is coming out of the tap at 1liter per second, then the amount of time that has passed has a significant impact on the amount of water (after one second, 1 liter will be present, after 2 seconds 2liters etc.).
An independent variable. This is because you can manipulate the variable so it is said to be independent of the other variables. This is different from the dependent variable which is the variable you are measuring the change in. For example in an experiment to see how the amount of water given to a plant affects it's height, the amount of water is the independent variable, because it is the variable you can change, while the height of the plant is the dependent variable because we want to see how the change in the amount of water affects it.
independent variable is the water i dont know