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What is the equivalent of an inverse statement?
The equivalent of an inverse statement is formed by negating both the hypothesis and the conclusion of a conditional statement. For example, if the original statement is "If P, then Q" (P → Q), the inverse would be "If not P, then not Q" (¬P → ¬Q). While the inverse is related to the original statement, it is not necessarily logically equivalent.
What are the statements that are always logically equivalent.?
Statements that are always logically equivalent are those that yield the same truth value in every possible scenario. Common examples include a statement and its contrapositive (e.g., "If P, then Q" is equivalent to "If not Q, then not P") and a statement and its double negation (e.g., "P" is equivalent to "not not P"). Additionally, the negation of a statement is logically equivalent to the statement's denial (e.g., "not P" is equivalent to "if not P, then false"). These equivalences play a crucial role in logical reasoning and proofs.
What are conditional connectives. Explain use of conditional connectives with an example?
Conditional ConnectivesThe statement `if p then q' is called a conditional statement and is written logically as p ! q.(This asserts that the truth of p guarantees the truth of q.)p ! q can also be read as `p implies q', where p is sometimes called the antecedent and qtheconsequent.Examples:p: It is raining.q: I get wet.p ! q: If it is raining, then I get wet.s: It is Sunday.w: I have to work today.s ! w: If it is Sunday, then I have to work today.»s ! w: If it is not Sunday, then I have to work today.s !»w: If it is Sunday, I do not have to work today.(s ^ p) !»w: If it is Sunday and it's raining, then I don't have to work today.To examine the truth or falsity of p ! q, suppose p and q are the following propositionsp: I win the lottery,q: I will buy you a car.Then p ! q is the statement `If I win the lottery, then I will buy you a car'.
What is the sum or difference of p and q?
The sum of p and q means (p+q). The difference of p and q means (p-q).
Is not(p and q) equal to (not p) or q?
No, the statement "not(p and q)" is not equal to "(not p) or q." According to De Morgan's laws, "not(p and q)" is equivalent to "not p or not q." This means that if either p is false or q is false (or both), the expression "not(p and q)" will be true. Therefore, the two expressions represent different logical conditions.
What statement is logically equivalent to "If p, then q"?
The statement "If not q, then not p" is logically equivalent to "If p, then q."
P-q and q-p are logically equivalent prove?
p --> q and q --> p are not equivalent p --> q and q --> (not)p are equivalent The truth table shows this. pq p --> q q -->(not)p f f t t f t t t t f f f t t t t
Which statement always has the same truth value as the conditional?
The statement "if not p, then not q" always has the same truth value as the conditional "if p, then q." They are logically equivalent.
What type of operator can be used to determine whether a specific relationship that exists between two values?
The relational operators: ==, !=, =.p == q; // evaluates true if the value of p and q are equal, false otherwise.p != q; // evaluates true of the value of p and q are not equal, false otherwise.p < q; // evaluates true if the value of p is less than q, false otherwise.p q; // evaluates true if the value of p is greater than q, false otherwise.p >= q; // evaluates true of the value of p is greater than or equal to q, false otherwiseNote that all of these expressions can be expressed logically in terms of the less than operator alone:p == q is the same as NOT (p < q) AND NOT (q < p)p != q is the same as (p < q) OR (q < p)p < q is the same as p < q (obviously)p q is the same as (q < p)p >= q is the same as NOT (p < q)
If p q and q r then p r. Converse statement B.A syllogism C.Contrapositive statement D.Inverse statement?
Converse: If p r then p q and q rContrapositive: If not p r then not (p q and q r) = If not p r then not p q or not q r Inverse: If not p q and q r then not p r = If not p q or not q r then not p r
What are conditional connectives. Explain use of conditional connectives with an example?
Conditional ConnectivesThe statement `if p then q' is called a conditional statement and is written logically as p ! q.(This asserts that the truth of p guarantees the truth of q.)p ! q can also be read as `p implies q', where p is sometimes called the antecedent and qtheconsequent.Examples:p: It is raining.q: I get wet.p ! q: If it is raining, then I get wet.s: It is Sunday.w: I have to work today.s ! w: If it is Sunday, then I have to work today.»s ! w: If it is not Sunday, then I have to work today.s !»w: If it is Sunday, I do not have to work today.(s ^ p) !»w: If it is Sunday and it's raining, then I don't have to work today.To examine the truth or falsity of p ! q, suppose p and q are the following propositionsp: I win the lottery,q: I will buy you a car.Then p ! q is the statement `If I win the lottery, then I will buy you a car'.
What is the sum or difference of p and q?
The sum of p and q means (p+q). The difference of p and q means (p-q).
What is q²-p² divided by q-p?
q + p
What is the truth table for p arrow q?
Not sure I can do a table here but: P True, Q True then P -> Q True P True, Q False then P -> Q False P False, Q True then P -> Q True P False, Q False then P -> Q True It is the same as not(P) OR Q
If p is 50 of q then what percent of p is q?
If p = 50 of q then q is 2% of p.
What are the inference rules for functional dependency?
"The present list of 19 rules of inference constitutes a COMPLETE system of truth-functional logic, in the sense that it permits the construction of a formal proof of validity for ANY valid truth-functional argument." (FN1)The first nine rules of the list are rules of inference that "correspond to elementary argument forms whose validity is easily established by truth tables." (Id, page 351). The remaining ten rules are the Rules of Replacement, "which permits us to infer from any statement the result of replacing any component of that statement by any other statement logically equivalent to the component replaced." (Id, page 359).Here are the 19 Rules of Inference:1. Modus Ponens (M.P.)p qpq 2.Modus Tollens (M.T.)p q~q~p 3.Hypothetical Syllogism (H.S.)p qq rp r 4.Disjunctive Syllogism (D.S.)p v q~ pq 5. Constructive Dilemma (C.D.)(p q) . (r s)p v rq v s 6. Absorption (Abs.)p qp (p. q)7. Simplification (Simp.)p . qp 8. Conjunction (Conj.)pqp . q 9. Addition (Add.)pp v qAny of the following logically equivalent expressions can replace each other wherever they occur:10.De Morgan's Theorem (De M.) ~(p . q) (~p v ~q)~(p v q) (~p . ~q) 11. Commutation (Com.)(p v q) (q v p)(p . q) (q . p) 12. Association (Assoc.)[p v (q v r)] [(p v q) v r][p . (q . r)] [(p . q) . r] 13.Distribution (Dist) [p . (q v r)] [(p . q) v (p . r)][p v (q . r)] [(p v q) . (p v r)] 14.Double Negation (D.N.)p ~ ~p 15. Transposition (Trans.)(p q) (~q ~p) 16. Material Implication (M. Imp.)(p q) (~p v q) 17. Material Equivalence (M. Equiv.)(p q) [(p q) . (q p)](p q) [(p . q) v (~p . ~q)] 18. Exportation (Exp.)[(p . q) r] [p (q r)] 19. Tautology (Taut.) p (p v p)p (p . p)FN1: Introduction to Logic, Irving M. Copi and Carl Cohen, Prentice Hall, Eleventh Edition, 2001, page 361. The book contains the following footnote after this paragraph: "A method of proving this kind of completeness for a set of rules of inference can be found in I. M. Copi, Symbolic Logic, 5th Edition. (New York: Macmillian, 1979), chap 8, See also John A. Winnie, "The Completeness of Copi's System of Natural Deduction," Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 11 (July 1970), 379-382."
How do you write the negation of if and then?
If p then q is represented as p -> q Negation of "if p then q" is represented as ~(p -> q)
