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3: The negative of the logarithm (base 10) of the concentration. The logarithm of 1 is 0 and the logarithm of 10-3 is -3; the logarithm of their product is the sum of their individual logarithms, -3 in this instance, and the negative of -3 is +3.
Logarithms can be taken to any base. Common logarithms are logarithms taken to base 10; it is sometimes abbreviated to lg. Natural logarithms are logarithms taken to base e (= 2.71828....); it is usually abbreviated to ln.
Zero, in logs to base 10, base e, or any base.
The logarithm of 1.5 is approximately 0.1760912591... Your logarithm is base 10, and the natural logarithm of 1.5 (base e), is approximately 0.4054651081... Example base: 8 Approximately: 0.1949875002...
As an example, the power you would have to raise 10 to for the result to equal 3,000 is simple the common logarithm (i.e., the logarithm base 10) of the number 3,000. (I don't happen to have with me at the moment either a logarithm table or a calculator that has a common logarithm button on it, so I can't at the moment tell you what the logarithm of 3,000 is. But that's how you'd find out what power to raise 10 to if you wanted the result to equal 3,000 . . . or any of the other numbers in the question.) Simpler example: Write 1,000 as a power of 10. Answer: The common logarithm of the number 1,000 is: 3. So 10 to the power 3 will equal 1,000. By the way, the common logarithm of 10,000 is: 4. (So 10 to the power 4 will equal 10,000.) -- So what, you ask? Well, 3,000 is between 1,000 and 10,000. So the information in the "Simpler example" in the paragraph immediately foregoing and the information in the present paragraph together imply that the common logarithm of 3,000 must be between 3 and 4 . So the power you have to raise 10 to if you want the result to equal 3,000 is 3 plus some fraction.